Dear Readers,
As July 4th approaches let me recycle and refresh your memory and mine on the Declaration of Independence, signed July 4, 1776 in Philadelphia, and learn about Italian and Italian-American contributions to the American Revolutionary War. Although the colonists declared themselves independent of England and set up The United States of America, a long war followed this “Declaration” and it was not until April 30, 1789 that George Washington– “first in war, first in peace, and first in hearts of his countrymen” – became the President of the United States.
Washington took the first U.S. Presidential Oath of Office on the balcony of City Hall in New York – the new nation’s temporary capital. From 1789 to 1790, the Presidential Mansion was located at No. 1 Cherry Street, New York; John Adams of Massachusetts was Vice President. Columbus discovered America in 1492.
When heads of European countries discovered a “new world”, many of them tried to get a share of it. A race of sorts began. Spain took possession of South America, Central America, Mexico and all the southern part of our now U.S.A. Then France, Holland and England wanted a share, but could not agree upon a division that would satisfy all four.
In a war between England and Holland, England won the Dutch colonies of New York, New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania. Then England drove out the French. The King sent a regiment from England to drive the French from the Ohio River Valley. Eventually England too would go. A few years after the war with France, the English colonists (Yankees) began to quarrel with the mother country.
The King of England had won the war against France, but had ended up deeply in debt and wanted the colonists to help pay for it. So, in 1765 he passed the Stamp Act, which meant that every time some kind of goods were bought or sold, it was necessary to buy stamps to put on deeds, wills, playing cards, newspapers, almanacs, advertisements printed in newspapers, etc. to make them valid.
King Georgebegan appointing officers in America to sell the stamps, but mobs visited the homes of stamp officers and very few of the officers were bold enough to sell them after that. Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, on business in London, told the King he had no business taxing the colonists for these “Sons of Liberty had already paid more than their share of the English/French War by furnishing men and supplies for the army, and for settling America and bringing it under the English flag.”
The English King and government gave up the Stamp Tax, but never stopped trying to get more money from the colonists. Soon another law was passed saying they must pay taxes on certain goods brought to America from England. This law made the colonists angry, and they stopped buying goods from England until the English merchants begged the government to give up the law.
“Okay,” said King George, “but the Tea Tax stays.” In December 1773, ships carrying tea arrived in Charleston, Philadelphia and New York. When the people refused to buy the English “Royal Tea,” it was stored in damp cellars to rot, but in Boston, after the colonists asked the governor to send the tea back to England and he refused, a large party of men dressed up as Native Americans boarded the ships. With tomahawks waving, they dumped 342 chests of tea overboard into the bay, i.e. the Boston Tea Party.
Boston patriot Paul Revere had taken his “midnight ride” on April 8, 1775, the eve of the Battle of Lexington and Concord. The quarrel with England had been going on for ten years. The July 4th, 1776 signing of the Declaration of Independence just formalized it. At the outbreak of the Revolution, Italians and Italian- Americans with anglicized spelling of their names were early getting their share of fatal firepower from the British soldiers, i.e. James Bracco, killed in action on October 26, 1776.
But Italy contributed more than men to the American Revolution. Even before the con- flict started, Italy was a source of inspiration to American patriots because of the struggle waged by Pasquale Paoli and his fellow Corsicans for independence. The Corsicans had been for centuries under the domination of Genoa, who treated them more as colonial subjects than as fellow Italians.
The Corsicans tried several times to regain their freedom beginning as far as 1545, but their struggle reached epic proportions in 1755 when Pasquale Paoli, assisted by Carlo Bonaparte, Napoleon’s father, landed on the island from Italy and fought heroically against the Genoese. For 14 years, Paoli fought with all the means at his disposal, arousing the administration of free men all over the world, particularly in England and America until 1768, when Genoa sold Corsica to the French.
It was then that Paoli and 400 of his followers left the island and sought refuge at Leghorn. Eventually he moved to England where he died in 1804. Among Italian-Corsicans who fought for American independence aboard French ships were Seamen Dominique Pozzo, Ignace Nini, Joseph Masso, Barthelemy Martinelli, Pierre Santelli (or Lur), Dominique Turchini, and Joseph Dottore.
In 1903, the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs published a list of soldiers and sailors who fought under the French flag during the American Revolution. The document, titled “Les Combattants Français de la Guerre Americaine 1778-1783,” contains scores of Italian names. British records also provide additional evidence of Italian participation in the Revolution.
Whenever the English imprisoned an enemy soldier, they kept a record of his name and rank in a ledger. Among the Italian-born volunteers to bear arms against the British were Filippo Mazzei, Carlo Bellini and Vincenzo Rossi, who joined Patrick Henry’s forces. Newspaper articles by Mazzei and his close friend Thomas Jefferson inspired the formation of independent military companies of volunteers in every county of Virginia.
When British troops landed at Hampton in 1775, Mazzei, Bellini, Rossi and James Madison joined the company of Albemarle County as privates. In 1778, Bellini became clerk of foreign correspondence for Virginia and the first professor of modern language at the College of William and Mary. In 1779, Mazzei received a letter from Governor Patrick Henry asking him to go to Europe to seek foreign aid for Virginia.
Mazzei accepted. On June 20th, Mazzei, his wife and his daughter set sail for Europe. When their ship, the Johnston, was thirty miles from the Virginia coast, an English privateer overtook the vessel. The British imprisoned Mazzei for three months on Long Island.
After they released him in mid- September, he and his family sailed for France. Mazzei advocated a military plan that called for coordinated action by the French navy and American army as the best way to defeat the British. He told his plan to Jefferson in a letter dated May 20, 1780.
Mazzei stressed that “nothing could be done without superiority on water [...]” Mazzei also gave a sketch of his plans to the French General Comte de Rochambeau. American and French forces applied this strategy successfully at the Battle of Yorktown...and the rest is U.S. history!
